First Serve Strategies

Posts Tagged ‘Partnerships’

Previously, on The Disintegration of Companies, I wrote about the art of alliances.  The blog ended with the caution that alliances often fail.  In this installment I would like to discuss some of the reasons for failure.

In their work on Entrepreneurial Alliances, Jeffrey J. Reuer, Africa Ariño, and Paul M. Olk argue that alliances fail because of changes in the environment of the alliance, poorly aligned partner strategies, governance issues, deficiencies in managerial capabilities and commitments, and a failure to collaborate.  While all of these reasons are relevant I will focus on two.

Partners’ Strategies

Partners’ strategies, should be carefully evaluated during the selection process and before an alliance is created.  The more closely aligned the strategic interests of the prospective partners, the more likely the alliance will succeed.  Several years ago I was one of the founders of a Joint Venture between two fortune 100 companies.  The Joint Venture provided computer maintenance and network services to customers for all of the top tier brands.  As a private label company, we acted as representatives of the companies who sold the products to the end users.  Even though we delivered service to thousands of companies in the US, our direct customers were IBM, HP, Gateway, Dell and others.

The majority partner in this strategic alliance was IBM.  As such their strategic interest in the alliance was quality service at an affordable cost.  The other partner’s strategic interest was primarily one of financial return.  While these two strategic interests are not mutually exclusive, it proved challenging.  As expected, both partners cared deeply about financial returns, but one partner was unwilling to gain it at the cost of customer satisfaction.  Ultimately, the joint venture did exceedingly well, but not without its share of governance issues that may have been minimized if the partner selection process focused more on partner strategies.

Culture

As mentioned above, Africa, Ariño, and Olk discuss managerial capabilities and commitments and collaborative processes.  I tend to group both of these under culture.  The need for a cultural match among alliance partners compounds as the level of interdependence and commitment among the parties increases.  If the alliance is in the form of a preferred vendor, cultural fit matters, but not as much as it does with a merger or acquisition.

In an attempt to enter the telecommunications market in 1984, IBM partnered with (and later acquired) Rolm Communications of Santa Clara, California.  In the mid-1980s IBM was known as an innovative company with a no-nonsense, button-down culture.  While employees were encouraged to take judicious risk and think outside the box, they were also encouraged to act and dress in only the most professional manner, which meant dark suits for both men and women. Alcohol was forbidden during the workday. A salesperson was only allowed to have a drink at lunch if his or her customer wanted a drink.  If that occurred, the salesperson was not supposed to make another call that day. While not forbidden, beards were discouraged.

Contrast that with the culture of California based Rolm, which held on-premise beer bashes for its employees each Friday, and the majority of the men I met sported full beards, and came to work dressed in casual clothes.  As far as I know, the women did not have facial hair, but they did dress casual.  I think you get the picture.  The two cultures were distinctly different, and I think it contributed heavily to the ultimate collapse of the alliance.

Cultural differences can lead to difficulties in collaboration, which can ultimately lead to the inability to adapt, a lack of communication and trust, and inadequate coordination and conflict resolution.

Before entering into an alliance it is important to look for fit—both in strategic interests and in culture.  All of these things can, and should be, evaluated during the selection process.  The selection process is much like the courting process in a romantic relationship, where each party is trying to put their best foot forward.  A dear friend once offered advice to her daughter regarding finding a mate.  “Take the one thing that bothers you about that person just a little bit now, multiply it by 100, and ask yourself if you could live with it for the rest of you life.”

©Mark P. Loschiavo

In part 1 of this series I talked about how more and more startup and emerging growth entrepreneurs are disintegrating their companies by outsourcing one or more of their three core business processes (product innovation/infrastructure/customer relationship).  Even corporate giants are outsourcing subsets of one or more of these processes.  Companies, who in the past would never consider entrusting any portion of the company’s customer relationship process to outsiders, have entered into agreements with outsiders to handle many of their customer sales, support and service processes.

In my last blog, I also wrote about the conflicts inherent in vertically integrated companies that can be minimized through disintegration. I would like to offer two more arguments in support of company disintegration through alliance.

The first is expedience.  In a world where technology cycles are measured in weeks or months and competition is truly global, speed to market has become increasingly important.  As mature companies attempt to grow, by entering new markets or expanding product lines, it is often more expedient to do this through acquisition or partnering.  Large pharmaceutical companies, who in the past have differentiated themselves through R&D, now allocate a higher percentage of their R&D budgets to acquiring technologies rather than developing them in-house.  This usually comes in the form of company acquisition or technology licenses.

For start-ups entering an existing market, the most viable protection from being crushed by incumbents is to get to market, reach scale and build brand equity quickly. eBay acquired Half.com in 2000 not because they were unable to build the same product but because Half.com had already owned the brand in the eyes of the consumers.  In order for start-ups to enter markets and reach scale quickly it is often necessary to partner with others to handle one or more of the core business processes.  One entrepreneurial company I worked with developed, manufactured, and sold fashionable compression garments aimed at women suffering from lymphedema—a condition that often accompanies breast cancer patients and survivors. In order to build the company they created an alliance with the company that produces LYRCA® and Coolmax® to develop the product.  They also used a toll manufacturer to handle production.  In other words, they disintegrated their company to the point where significant parts of their product innovation and infrastructure were handled through alliances.  What they kept in-house was what they saw as their points of differentiation (POD), print design and customer relationships.

The second good reason for company disintegration through alliance is economics.  For mature companies the decision to outsource is typically driven by income statement considerations.  While a solid balance sheet is always important, most large successful companies have sufficient access to capital.  They also have a healthy appetite for profit.  With increased specialization and advancements in technology come two economic principles, absolute advantage and comparative advantage.  Absolute advantage refers to the ability of a firm to produce a particular good at a lower absolute cost than another.  In this case a company may outsource the manufacture of the product it sells to an alliance partner who can produce the product at a lower absolute price. Comparative advantage speaks to one firm’s ability to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another.  In this case a firm may outsource one or more of their business processes to an alliance partner in order to focus their finite attention on those processes in which they are most efficient.

For start-ups the economics of disintegration tend to be driven by the balance sheet.  Unlike established companies, access to capital is difficult for new ventures.  As such, a start-up venture may choose to ally with a partner in order to enter markets and grow the business while conserving cash.  This often comes at the detriment of profit margins, but high margins on zero revenue still equals zero profit.

While alliances can help you build and scale your company quickly, they frequently fail.  When they fail, the results can be fatal.  It is important to:

1. choose your partners wisely,
2. implement the alliance carefully and,
3. nurture the ongoing partnership diligently.{a

©Mark P. Loschiavo